How to Begin a Sentence With And or But

According to a usage note in the fourth edition of The American Heritage Dictionary, But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. And in The Kings English (1997), Kingsley Amis says that the idea that and must not begin a sentence, or even a paragraph, is an empty superstition. The same goes for but. Indeed either word can give unimprovably early warning of the sort of thing that is to follow.   The same point was made over a century ago by Harvard rhetorician Adams Sherman Hill: Objection is sometimes taken to employment of but or and at the beginning of a sentence; but for this, there is much good usage (The Principles of Rhetoric, 1896). In fact, it has been common practice to begin sentences with a conjunction since at least as far back as the 10th century. The Usage Myth Persists Still, the myth persists that and and but should be used only to join elements within a sentence, not to link one sentence to another. Here, for instance, is an edict found recently on an English professors Composition Cheat Sheet: Never begin a sentence with a conjunction of any kind, especially one of the FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ). This same fussbudget, by the way, outlaws the splitting of infinitives  Ã¢â‚¬â€ another durable grammar myth. But at least the professor is in good company. Early in his career, William Shawn, longtime editor of The New Yorker magazine, had a penchant for converting sentence-initial buts into howevers. As Ben Yagoda reports in When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It (2007), Shawns habit inspired one of the magazines writers, St. Clair McKelway, to compose this impassioned defense of but: If you are trying for an effect which comes from having built up a small pile of pleasant possibilities which you then want to push over as quickly as possible, dashing the readers hopes that he is going to get out of a nasty situation as easily as you have intentionally led him to believe, you have got to use the word but and it is usually more effective if you begin the sentence with it. But love is tricky means one thing, and however, love is tricky means another--or at least gives the reader a different sensation. However indicates a philosophical sigh; but presents an insuperable obstacle. . . .But, when used as I used it in these two places, is, as a matter of fact, a wonderful word. In three letters it says a little of however, and also be that as it may, and also heres something you werent expecting and a number of other phrases along that line. There is no substitute for it. It is short and ugly and common. But I love it. Know Your Audience Still, not everybody loves initial but. The authors of Keys for Writers (2014) note that some readers may raise an eyebrow when they see and or but starting a sentence in an academic paper, especially if it happens often. So if you dont want to see eyebrows raised, ration your use of these words at the beginnings of sentences.   But in any event, dont start scratching out your ands and  buts on my account.

Presentation dealing with uncertainty in the container shipping market PowerPoint Presentation

Essays on Presentation dealing with uncertainty in the container shipping market PowerPoint Presentation Slide 2 Maersk is an international Danish shipping company that deals in container shipping amongst others. The company has come from far to become one of the leading ship container operator. Maersk began has maintained its specialty in container shipping line, managing to rise steadily in the period after 1996. Its operations currently cover more than 135 countries. Among the services it provides include container logistics, services and forwarding. It operates a number of Maersk lines and runs as s conglomerate. Slide 3 Maersk is one the major players in the shipping industry. By volume and revenue, Maersk is the leading shipping company in the industry. It is important to understand that the shipping industry depends so much in global trade, so does Maersk. The industry remains stable as long as global trade volumes are stable. Any fluctuation in the global trade volumes would affect the industry directly, either positively or negatively. In fact, the last global recession did affect operations of the industry. It is also important to note that the shipping industry continues to offer the cheapest means for transportation of various products. Slide 4 A PESTEL analysis reveals that the industry is affected as follows. Political environment is the most volatile in international trade on which Maersk relies. Sanctions on various countries mean we can no longer deliver same volumes as before. Economic environment is quite manageable since the rules of the game are clear. The only concern is competition. Social environment only affect a small segment of Maersk target group while technology has remained easily adaptable. Environmental issues are a rising concern while legal environment has not been much of a challenge. Slide 5 Impact uncertainly matrix is such that political environment poses a serious threat with a high uncertainty and high level of impact on the business. Technological and social environments also pose medium uncertainty for the company although the level of impact from technology would be high in any inadaptable eventuality. Slide 6 The scenario cross from the business environment factors’ interaction would most likely result to the following outcomes. The political environment is highly uncertain and its impacts are likely to affect the business adversely. This is because it dictates whether to engage in business with other countries or not. The company can counter economic environment, therefore it has a moderate impact on the company operations. It is lowly uncertain for the company. Social environment is affected with emerging preferences among the youth. That is in regard to modes of delivery where many youth prefer air deliveries. However, that segment constitutes a very insignificant proportion of the company’s segment and returns. Technological environment has been changing but the company has managed to adjust to changes. Although it is likely to have a high impact on the organization, its uncertainty is moderate for the business. Environmental factor is an emerging issue in maritime busin ess, but the company has out in extra precautions to avoid disasters. It is lowly uncertain its impact is low since the company does not invest heavily in shipping risky products such as crude oil. Anything else is insurable and environmentally manageable. Legal environment is largely undeterminable since many countries keep revising their import regulations policies. Slide 7 The worst case scenario for that Maersk may face is high political uncertainty. It is important to realize that the political environment is responsible for approval and regulations of what sort of goods are trading at the world market. Although the market is free, it is only free to the extent to which one is engaging in buying and selling. However, it is not free to sanctions that may be imposed on countries with which Maersk may have large volume of trade. In the event that such sanctions are imposed, Maersk has no powers to make adjustments in the short run to counter such a move. Such changes in political environment are disastrous for the company. That is especially so because they also cause other ripple effects. Slide 8 Some of the examples in the worst-case scenario could include economic restrictions probably on Russia, Syria or Iran. Such restriction would impact negatively on the operations of the company. In fact, continued global politics standoff and escalations may make some importers resolve to airfreight. That is because airfreight delivery takes a relatively shorter time, thereby reducing risks. Slide 9 The best-case scenario for Maersk would be low uncertainty in economic environment and moderate impact on operations. It should be understood that not all the factors in the external environment operate in isolation. It is in that regard that the best-case scenario will be seen to be one that stands out strongly as in the event of a worst-case scenario in the industry. Low economic uncertainty would work I favour of Maersk particularly if high political uncertainty prevails. This is because the company would be in a position take advantage of its sheer market size and maximize of shipping line as smaller shipping companies find it unprofitable and unsustainable to conduct business as usual. That is also particularly so since Maersk’s competitors are also regionally based. Any shift in trade volumes may make their less expansive networks unprofitable and consequently unsustainable. Extended economic sanctions may make small competitors suspend shipping activities, which Maersk can exploit. Slide 10 In the above scenarios, the most appropriate response has to do with competitive and pricing strategy. The worst-case scenario has a number of indirect financial consequences for Maersk. To begin with, the company would have to pay for employees rendered jobless by reduced trade volumes. Even measures that can possibly mitigate the situation would come with financial implications such as additional insurance cost. Investment in large, medium and smaller shipping vessels would also cost the company in the short run. During such low shipping seasons, the company may also have to lower shipping costs to remain attractive. In such an incident, it can only hope to benefit from economies of scales. Slide 11 In the best-case scenario, the company should also adopt competitive and pricing strategy that best maximizes the opportunity. For instance, the business should insure the most probable risks on which they have no control. The company would also incur heavily by trying to set aside emergency funds for operations during high political uncertainty period. It would also cost the company additional finances to increase advertisement of its shipping activities. Such increased advertisement would be in a bid to grab a bigger share of the reduced container shipping market. Slide 12 In short, it is observable that a lot of uncertainty exists in container shipping as a global trade. Whenever there is relative global peace, the relative stability results in improved container shipping. Increased container shipping is usually a pointer for improved trade amongst nations. Even so, it is important to note that various environmental factors affect container shipping in different ways. Any change in such factors would affect the business operations. Bibliography Burnson, P., 2012. Ocean Freight: Container shipping’s â€Å"rate uncertainty† has impact on futures market. Retrieved from www.logisticsmgmt.com/view/container_shippings_rate_uncertainty_has_impact_on_fut ures_market/oceanfreight Holbrook, T.R., 2012. Territoriality and Tangibility After Transocean, Emory Law Journal, 61, 5, pp. 1087-1121. Jephson, C., and Morgen, H., 2014. Creating Global Opportunities: Maersk Line in Containerisation 1973-2013. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCalla, R.J., Brian S., and Claude C., 2004. "Dealing With Globalisation At The Regional And Local Level: The Case Of Contemporary Containerization." Canadian Geographer 48.4: 473-487. Wu, W., 2012. Capacity utilization and its determinants for a container shipping line: theory and evidence, Applied Economics, 44, 27, pp. 3491-3502.

Buyer Behavior Integrated Marketing Free Essays

The problems on which this assignment focuses on is how can an organization understand and influence the demands and needs of a consumer by using consumer decision making model and the a decision sequence model which helps an organization define a set sequence in order to plan for its marketing and promotional strategy. The company that has been researched upon in the research paper is Automobili Lamborghini S. p. We will write a custom essay sample on Buyer Behavior Integrated Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now A that has recently launched its new SUV in the market which also happens to be the first SUV car from the company. The car is known is Lamborghini SUV and there are a lot of things that need to be taken care of when introducing and marketing the car in automobile arena. A consumer decision model will help the company in order to see how a particular group of consumers decides for a particular commodity. What are their preferences, their expectations, how can they be attracted, what is their taste, how well do they memorize a certain product, their loyalties to a particular brand, their interpretation from a product or marketing strategy and the knowledge that they possess. A consumer consciously or unconsciously using all these factors when going to buy a product thus in the case of Lamborghini SUV the consumer will again question himself on the above mentioned grounds (MacKenzie 1986). As given in the research done on the company, the main problems that the company tends to identify from the consumer behavior are; 1. What is the product 2. What is the target market 3. What are the substitutes 4. How does the price and value for money are correlated 5. Is the product a luxury item 6. What sort of a decision sequence model can be used Here is a brief answer to all of the questions mentioned above. As we all know that the product is a luxury SUV that is being marketed for the first time by the company, the company has to target to a specific group with specific characteristics. These people are supposed to be well to do by having good executive level jobs or running businesses and having a family of 2 to 3 persons. This suggests that the targeted customer should be more then 35 years of age but not more than 45 because that goes beyond the sporty and speedy characteristics of the car. The sport and speedy characteristics of the car open two marketing and targeting corridors for the company, that are, 1. executives and managing directors, (as discussed above) and 2. The existing sports cars clients who will then be filtered for having or not having a taste for a sports SUV. The problem is that the product that is in question in the research is quite expensive and thus it is not at all like marketing coke. Customers need to be educated and informed about the value and worth of the product that should be other than the actual cost price of the car (Bettman 1975). With reference to Blackwell, Miniard and Engel analytical framework, analyze the likely buying behavior of your target market, in terms of degree of problem solving, and identify the probable influences on this decision process. You should also identify any issues related to the information processing aspect, as this will inform task 3 With reference to Blackwell, Miniard and Engel, the decision of any consumer is based upon and involves two or more products that are substitutes to each other. For example a consumer might choose between going out for a movie or staying at home, for this matter going to movie and staying at home will serve to be as substitutes to each other. Similarly, in this of Lamborghini, the consumers have a range of choices. These choices include other sporty SUV’s that already in the market by competitor brands like BMW, Mercedes, Chrysler and others. Thus Lamborghini should look into the matter that what do consumers want in an SUV, how and what characteristics they should highlight to attract their customers. Blackwell, Miniard and Engel advocate the fact that there are a number of cognitive processes going on in a consumer mind while he makes purchase decisions. These cognitive decisions can be identified as consumer knowledge about the market and the product, beliefs and memories about information that a consumer gathers from marketing and promotional activities going on around them, their cognitive process of comprehension and lastly their integration cognitive process in which a consumer evaluates two or more choices and short lists to one final choice. This choice is made on the basis of certain behavioral decisions, thus the decision making process of a consumer can also be regarded as their decision plan. A Cognitive Process Model of Consumer Decision Making Lamborghini should keep in mind that its consumers will gather most of the information from their surroundings. Apart from their own marketing campaign, the consumers consciously and unconsciously are gaining information about the sporty cars, their models, information about other brands, performance of other SUV’s that come I the same category of sporty cars and much more. Consumers are exposed to TV shows, magazines, discussions and even get to see these products live at show rooms that they already a lot about the car. However, a marketer should always keep in mind that in order to attract a customer and give him what he wants, the product should be marketed in such a way that the consumer directly notices what he wants in the product without him being analyzing and comparing with other brands(Roberts 2000). The marketing campaign should highlight the characteristics of the product itself in the marketing campaign rather than letting the customer gather the information on his own that can also lead to possibilities that the customer may not be able to find those characteristics on his own. Same goes for Lamborghini, the company must market the new SUV in such a way that it highlights both its sporty nature and its symbol of power of status in order to cater both the target markets that have already been identified in the previous section. How to cite Buyer Behavior Integrated Marketing, Essays

Organizations in Global Environment Business Management

Question: Discuss about the Organizations in Global Environment for Business Management. Answer: Section 1 The assignment is about organisational structure and design. Organisational structure is the combination of the co-ordination among different departments, task allocation and supervision to achieve the organisational goals. Flow of information towards different tiers of the hierarchical structure is determined by the organisational structure. In case of centralised organisational structure, the decision making power are mostly accrued by the higher authority (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The study focuses on different types of organisational structure. The lecture talks about the different key elements of organisational structure such as work specialisation, departmentalisation, chain of command and span of control. Work specialisation leads to the need of department segmentation within the organisation. The chain of command flows from the superiors to the subordinates. The superior heads are functional head of the organisation, project manager and department head. The span of control de pends on the size of the team member (Laguna and Marklund 2013). The span of control is stronger if the number of employees is small. Organisational structure can be distinguished as mechanistic structure and organic structure. The characteristics of mechanistic structure are existence of high specialisation in each department, rigid departmentalisation with clear chain of command (Morris et al. 2012). Formalisation of rules and regulations are high in this structure. High formalisation leads to the centralisation of power in this organisation. The main characteristics of the organic structure are presence of cross hierarchical team in each department. This structure facilitates the organisation by allowing free flow of information across the hierarchy. Decentralisation of power is another important characteristic. In this structure, span of control is wide unlike the mechanistic structure. Main difference between these two types of structure lies in the internal environment. The in ternal environment of the mechanistic environment is stable and that of organic structure is dynamic. Organisation design provides a platform to the organisation in which it can exercise its goals and objectives. The main contingency factors for organisational design are environmental uncertainty and organisational structure, application of technology, organisational strategy and size of the organisation. In the changing external business environment, organic structure is more suitable. Based on the organisation hierarchy, the structure can be distinguished as simple, divisional and functional structure. The study has highlighted the presentation of matrix structure, which includes co-ordination among workers, team effort, dual chain command and requirement of specialists. Hofstedes classification of culture influences the team building in an organisation. The classification is done based on power distance, time orientation, comparison between quality and quantity of life, avoidance of uncertainty and comparison between individualism and collectivism (Wilden et al. 2013). The study highlights holacracy structure, which is characterised as self management in the organisation. This structure increases accountability and transparency in the organisation system. This structure differs from team based and bureaucracy structure as unlike these two structures, holocracy system is independent of hierarchy management. Therefore, decision making process is more flexible compared to other two. Section2 IBM took decision to enter into the business of personal computer during 1980. At the initial stage, the company started with 12 people. However, with the expansion of business, the number employee has increased. IBM is a learning organisation. It has improved its organisation structure and design responding to changing business needs. It has dynamic organisation culture and hierarchy. IBM started its business with mechanistic structure and its limited resources. However, with the expansion of business, the organisational structure has changed to organic. Free flow of information has changed the internal business environment. Divisional structure is followed in IBM. The hierarchy is divided according to geography. Decision making Section 1 The lecture is about decision making process of different economic agents. Different group of individual has different perspective of decision making. A loan manager of a bank takes decision based on profitability. However, the profitability depends on the liquidity in the economy. The decision making leads to benefit of the society (Glimcher and Fehr 2013). A treasurer takes decision to make profit. In order to make profit, the treasurer has to expand the business. The business expansion requires investment in large equipment. Decision making process of every agent has three processes such as choosing among the alternative, implementation and evaluation (Scott and Davis 2015). The decision has to identify the best possible options before undertaking a project. For optimum decision making, the decision maker has to make a cost benefit analysis. The project, which has least cost, needs to be undertaken. For example, a car company can take decision to stop the car or alternatively chos e to launch new type of SUV. The reason behind this decision is either dropping demand in car market or the supply may have exceeded than demand (Snyder and Diesing 2015). Therefore, there would be a specific reason for every decision making. Three perspectives of decision making are ration, bounded and intuition. A payoff matrix helps in optimal decision making. In the view of Simon, economic man takes decision to maximise utility. However, the administrative man satisfies the decision maker rather than maximisation. Rational decision maker chooses mini-max strategy. The bounded decision maker uses simplified model and satisfactory decision. In contrast, intuition is based on experience. Intuition is cognitive and value based. The pessimist decision maker chooses maximin strategy, the optimists choose maximax strategy and the neutral chooses minimax strategy (Dane, Rockmann and Pratt 2012). Decision making conditions are certainty of event, risk of occurrence and uncertainty. In ca se of certainty, the outcome is known. In case of uncertain event, the outcome is not known. Therefore, uncertain event is associated with risks. The type of various decision-making is described as ill structured and well structured based on programming. Section 2 In the market of personal computer, there are numerous firms. Dell is popular computer manufacturing firm. Consumer chooses the product based on quality and price. In competitive market, there are other factors that can influence demand for PC and laptop. Reliability, warranty, weight, screen size and resolution and price are the determinant factors. Consumer considers the factors before purchasing laptop. In this case, consumes are the rational decision makers. On the other hand, the manager of Dell applies intuition in decision making. Intuitive decision maker applies past experience in the market of PC and laptop. References Dane, E., Rockmann, K.W. and Pratt, M.G., 2012. When should I trust my gut? Linking domain expertise to intuitive decision-making effectiveness.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,119(2), pp.187-194. Glimcher, P.W. and Fehr, E. eds., 2013.Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain. Academic Press. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Snyder, G.H. and Diesing, P., 2015.Conflict among nations: Bargaining, decision making, and system structure in international crises. Princeton University Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Laguna, M. and Marklund, J., 2013.Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Morris, W., Volosskiy, B., Demir, S., GaÃÅ' ndara, F., McGrier, P.L., Furukawa, H., Cascio, D., Stoddart, J.F. and Yaghi, O.M., 2012. Synthesis, structure, and metalation of two new highly porous zirconium metalorganic frameworks.Inorganic chemistry,51(12), pp.6443-6445. Wilden, R., Gudergan, S.P., Nielsen, B.B. and Lings, I., 2013. Dynamic capabilities and performance: strategy, structure and environment.Long Range Planning,46(1), pp.72-96.

Social Media Marketing and Consumer Transactions

Scotland Independance essay Essays

Scotland Independance essay Essays Scotland Independance essay Essay Scotland Independance essay Essay Scotland Independance essay BY coler777 Scotland Independence Debate Scotland has developed into a troubled country in which people have become indecisive on whether Scotlands independence would affect the country in a positive or negative way. There has been evidence of acts to create Scotland independent since its Joining of I-JK in 1707. Now, people are arguing on whether separation would create a better country as a whole, through economics, basic rights, and political statuses. Independence of Scotland could represent a good thing for the countrys tatus, but no one will ever know the effect it can have on the countrys economic situation. There are many individual groups fghting for and against independence, which are classified into either pro-independence, or unionists. The separation of Scotland would result in destructive long term effects on their economy, such as their large oil industry. Although, if Scotland became independent, it would give the country full control over the foundations, and mainly the protected role of human rights. Both groups have certain disadvantages and advantages, but no matter what, here will always be a sort of cause-and-effect relationship between the two. The increasing popularity of the Union, shift of political, social, and economical viewpoints, including important perspectives on the countrys history, are huge factors for people desiring independence. For political, Scottish people have unfair voting, and the whole country has no say in the world council. Also, the people would like the right to self-govern, and be able to adopt their own legal system. If the country did separate, Scotland would destroy most, if not all nuclear weapons located n Scotland which are causing disputes between the foreign countries and citizens. Any sort of nuclear technology would destroy the environment by causing large amounts of pollution around the country. Under economic factors, the country would have control over their own resources, imports, and exports which all include oil, therefore producing immense amounts of income. Most people who are unionists are more concerned for the functional ability of the country which include mainly social and economic factors. If Scotland chooses to separate, then they would lose all he financial benefits that they receive from the I-JK. Not only that, but Scotland would lose all the security and defense structures they currently have in effect. I-JK plays a huge role for Scotland, they provide us with protection, and are a necessity for running what little control over the government that Scotland has. Once separated, the country would lose all global trade, and would have to start from scratch pretty much. The country already has no debt now, and its easily capable of supporting itself Just the way it is. The independence of Scotland is a growing issue today, and as expressed above, both sides share the same equality in their perspectives. Most people are more lenient to certain factors that actually are very important when it comes to the success of a country. This could result in a damaged country, with too much people trying to fix one problem, when in reality there are hundreds more. Eventually many deciding factors will contribute into the final decision of Scotland Independence, but no matter which way they go, they will always lose something

ETHICS 501, Business Ethics, Mod 1 Case Assignment Essay

ETHICS 501, Business Ethics, Mod 1 Case Assignment - Essay Example The best policy is that he talks with the CEP of other firms in order to join him in the attempt to reduce corruption and bribery in the industry. Although many CEOs might not want to join this cause as it might mean reduction in their profits but a lot of other people who care about the ethical issues will join hands with him. He can convince that other CEOs by stating that utilitarianism requires them to act in this way. By utilitarianism we mean that positive and negative consequences of an action should be consider and if some action is yield more positive consequence for the society than negative consequence, then that action should be taken immediately. And since reducing the corruption in the industry in the interest of the society and the company, this action should be taken. Whereas if they allow the corruption and bribery to prevail in the industry, then only the company will benefit and hence it is better to reduce the corruption in the society from utilitarianism framework. This will also yield the benefits other companies in the long run as without corruption and bribery existent in the industry, they will be able to win contracts on merit and corruption expenditure will be reduced which will be contributed in the profitability of the industry. Similarly, we can assess whether this action by Fluor and other companies from the deontology framework is worth taking or not. Deontological ethic framework suggests that morality requires that certain actions are wrong even if the outcomes of these actions are good. For example, bribery and corruption may lead to high profits for the company, but since these actions are immoral, these actions are really wrong and no company should indulge in corruption and bribery. Similarly, Mr. Fluor can also convince the other CEO by supporting his point of view with the goodwill associated with the ethical actions of a country. Since, the

Art, Music, Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art, Music, Religion - Essay Example This can be through word art or poetry, sculptures, a beautiful painting among others. Consequently, it is the greatest illusion imposed on the wills of mankind as an alternate reality. Hence, it is suffice to say that art has a profound and immeasurable impact on the lives of human beings. Foremost, art is the expression of life and consequently enhances our awareness and appreciation of nature and the gift of life. The artistic visual impression of nature’s scenery such as the sun, rivers and wild animals, enhance the intrinsic value of life and elucidate a sense of nurturing and care by human beings. Second, art is a tool for communication that is used to convey special messages of a social, economic or religious connotation. Hence, it is the voice that reaches beyond the canvass, provokes thought and shapes the perception of people pertaining to the message conveyed. Third, art impacts on the moods of people by eliciting both positive and negative emotions. For example, vi sual or musical art can stir positive emotions such as happiness, optimism or peace of mind. While some darker form of art, such as those expressing war or hunger, can provoke negative emotions such as depression, anxiety or anger. Consequently, these emotions can affect the daily life of a person in a positive or negative way. Furthermore, art contributes in the building of local and global relations. This is because art is a universal language since the information being conveyed is the same all over. Moreover, the participation in art calls for interaction as people meet in experiencing it or developing it. Consequently it results in the building of interpersonal relations. 2. Art in Puerto Rico Graffiti is a form of street art that involves scratching or scribbling and is derivative of the Italian word graffiato (DeAngels, 2010). It is used to convey messages to the wider public, through the artistic writings or paintings, via public and private surfaces such as buildings and st reets. Historically, evidence shows that graffiti existed in ancient civilizations in the form of figure sketches and inscriptions. These were evident from the ruined walls of sepulchers in places such as Pompelli and Catacombs. In the modern period, the use of graffiti in the early 1970s was associated with youth in New York from the Puerto Rican and black communities. These youth incorporated the use of tags by spray painting public city buildings, subway trains and buses. However, the famous revolutionary graffiti artist referred to as the, â€Å"father of controversial graffiti†, was Jean-Michel Basquiat. He was the son of a Puerto Rican mother and Haitian father who inspired the spread and growth of graffiti to Puerto Rico. The messages conveyed by his art at the time by the graffiti related to issues such as wealth inequalities, racial segregation and discrimination among others. Consequently, Jean-Michel Basuaiat’s art work cast graffiti into international recog nition and inspired the youthful generation in Puerto Rico. Presently, graffiti is used in Puerto Rico as a creative tool for expressing thoughts, ideas and opinions of a political meaning or otherwise. Moreover, the graffiti in Puerto Rican cities such as Old San Juan and Santurce, display beauty and angst that have formed played a part in its culture. The government on its part can control graffiti by distinguishing it from the illegal version of it known as tagging and reigning in on the culprits. The tagging form of art is mostly gang related and driven by the motive of vandalism, controversy to public value and vulgarity. This is opposed to the creativity and beauty in expression in expression of graffiti that the

Organic enterprise repor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organic enterprise repor - Assignment Example The farmers in this region of Australia have invested heavily in organic farming, as opposed to the popular practice of using chemicals. The north Queensland, Australia region has an abundance of fertile soil that is rich in nutrients and a forest-free environment with a favourable climate that supports the growth of Aloe Vera all year long. The leaves are tested on a daily basis, a process which facilitates monitoring the health of the plant and ensures a bumper harvest at maturity. The Proposed Schedule for the Research Report ACTIVITY IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE Making contact to the relevant authority Define the physical location of the farm the telephone numbers obtained and make appointments with a farm representative Week one +week two ACTIVITY IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE Conducting a literature review Based on the research findings and theoretical knowledge regarding organic agriculture, the report can effectively prepare a conclusive literature review. Week three+ week four ACTIVITY IMP ORTANCE IMPORTANCE Visiting the enterprise Collecting data, information and observations. Week five ACTIVITY IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE Preparing a draft report A draft report will be written after every visit to the farm to produce a final conclusion and identify the key notes from each visit; analysing reports to extract the main drawbacks and suggested solutions to such drawbacks Week six ACTIVITY IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE Time for the need for possible follow-up visits or phone calls Discuss the feasibility of applying suggested solutions and evaluate their applicability; examine the progress the farm achieved after implementing the suggested solutions; obtain feedback from sellers and consumers. Week seven The study will take a total of seven weeks during which time the activities will be appropriately spaced out. There are certain key activities that must begin before other activities can begin (such as seeking permission from the farm owners before the study resumes). The other activi ties (i.e. the literature review and visiting the farm) may be done concurrently. The visit is expected to affirm the research that has already been conducted. The schedule may be altered depending on unforseen constraints that might emerge during the course of the study. Introduction This report examines organic Aloe Vera farming in north Queensland, Australia. It gives a detailed account of the factors that have led to the success of organic farming in north Queensland, Australia, and also explores the reasons behind this choice of farming. The research investigates the organic methods that the farmers use in their farming practices. There is a detailed account of the benefits of these practices and the returns that the farmers obtain from practicing organic farming. The examination goes on further to discuss different products processed from organic Aloe Vera and the health benefits associated with these products. There is a detailed review of the different farming associations t hat aide the farmers with the expertise and financial loans that

Mergers And Acquisitions In Restructuring Business Organizations Finance Essay

Mergers And Acquisitions In Restructuring Business Organizations Finance Essay Mergers and Acquisitions have gained substantial importance in todays corporate world. This process is extensively used for restructuring the business organizations. Some well known financial organizations also took the necessary initiatives to restructure the corporate sector of India by adopting the mergers and acquisitions policies. The  Indian economic reform since 1991 has opened up a whole lot of challenges both in the domestic and international spheres. The increased competition in the global market has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as an important strategic choice. The trends of mergers and acquisitions in India have changed over the years. The immediate effects of the mergers and acquisitions have also been diverse across the various sectors of the Indian economy. The Indian Economy has been growing at the fast rate and emerging as the most promising economy in the world. Be it in IT, RD, pharmaceutical, infrastructure, energy, consumer retail, telecom, financial services, media, and hospitality etc, there has been a sign of promising boom in the Indian economy. It is the second fastest growing economy in the world with GDP touching 8.9 % in 2010. Investors, big companies, industrial houses view Indian market in a growing and proliferating phase, whereby returns on capital and the shareholder returns are high. Both the inbound and outbound mergers and acquisitions have increased dramatically. According to Investment bankers, Merger Acquisition (MA) deals in India will cross $100 billion this year, which is double last years level and quadruple of 2005. Indias merger and acquisitions deal value in year 2010 reached almost US $50 billion which is three times of the deal value last year 2009. There were MA deals worth about $16 billion in 2009, down from close to US $40 billion in 2008. Definitions: Mergers: Mergers or amalgamation is combination of two or more companies to form as a single new company. In this process no fresh investment is made, however an exchange of shares takes place between the entities. In simple terms, a merger involves the mutual decision of two companies to combine and become one entity. Generally, merger is done between the two entities having similar size. Varieties of Mergers   Mergers can be of various types. But there are 5 main mergers varieties which are valued most in the corporate world.   Horizontal merger   Two companies that are in direct competition and share  the same product lines and markets.   Vertical merger   Two companies which are in the Value Chain. Market-extension merger  Ã‚  Two companies having same product but different target market. Product-extension merger  Ã‚  Two companies selling different but related products in the same market.   Conglomeration   Two companies with unrelated business/ industry.   Acquisitions   Acquisition means buying the ownership of one company by another company, often as the part of the growth strategy. Unlike in merger, acquisition is generally done by a large company to a small one. Acquisitions can be either friendly or hostile. Like mergers, acquisitions are actions through which companies seek economies of scale, efficiencies and enhanced market visibility. Acquisition is done either in cash or acquiring the stock of the target company or both. Distinction between Mergers and Acquisitions   Mergers and Acquisitions are often uttered as one and the same and considered to have the same meaning. But the terms merger and acquisition are two different term meaning.   When one company takes over another independent company and clearly established itself as  the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the  target company  ceases to exist and the buyer or the acquirer possesses the full control of the business and the buyers  stock continues to be traded, then it is acquisition.   Regardless of the type of the strategic alliance they all have one purpose in common. They are all meant to create synergy that makes the value of the combined companies greater than the sum of the two parts. Synergy Synergy  is the force that is obtained when two or more components meet together to produces an exceptional result which when done solely cannot be achieved. In a business synergy takes the form of enhanced performance, increased profitability and exceptional cost reduction. By merging, the companies hope to benefit from the following:   Staff reductions Economies of scale   Acquiring new technology Improved market reach and industry visibility Importance of the study When a company wants to expand, there are various ways its can do. They can achieve the growth either by capturing the market share or by growing through strategic alliances. The main objective of the merger or acquisition is to achieve growth and synergy, economies of scale and capture or expand the market share. Buzz of merger and acquisition often creates hype in the financial market about the acquirers stock price. While most empirical research on merger focus on daily stock return surrounding announcement date, a few studies also look at long term performance of term performance of acquiring firm after merger.  [1]  Not only that, the performance of the company as a whole is also a matter of question mark. Will the company be able to perform better than it is doing or not? Problem Statement Many firm prior to merger and acquisition have an expectation to create a synergy from merger and acquisition. The main motive behind MA is to create efficiencies in the business and expansion of the business. But they most of the time ignore the fact that the effect of merger and acquisition has direct correlation with the value of the acquirers company and the stock price. The other problem that is to be considered is the financial risk associated with the MA. Research Objective The objective of this study is to gain the deeper and clear knowledge of the merger and acquisition on the acquiring firm. It also aims at the financial risk that a company may face post merger/ acquisition asa well as the long term performance of the acquirer. The objectives are as follows: To examine the effect of EPS myopia on the return of acquiring firms in mergers. Evaluate the effect on the stock price of the acquiring company post merger and acquisition. Critically evaluating if the shareholders of the acquiring companies experience wealth effect as a result of MA. The expected long term performance of the acquiring firm. Study of the financial risk pertaining to the merger and acquisition. Research Question What is the motive behind Merger and Acquisition? What is the effect on the stock price of the acquirer pre and post MA? Does the buzz create the bubble effect on the market or is it long lasting? What is the wealth effect of the acquirer firm post and pre MA? What is the trend of MA in Indian market? Drivers of MA in India What are the effects of MA to the competitors? Effect of the tax to the government post merger and acquisition. Limitations of the Study No proper information on the companies is found except for their Balance Sheet and Income Statement. This study is based on secondary database, so errors in the data could affect the results of the study. External factors such as economic conditions, regulatory changes etc are not taken into consideration. An overview of the Study This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the background information, problem statement, objective of the study, importance of study, research question limitation of the study. The second chapter deals with literature review. This chapter indicates the theoretical framework of the valuation method of Merger and Acquisition. It shows the detail description of the past research that has been done on the topic and discusses the outcome of the study. The third chapter deals with the research methodology of the dissertation. It deals with the Research method used for the data and information collection. It includes sample selection/design procedure, data collection and data analysis tools used in the dissertation. In this part assumptions had been made where there is lack of appropriate data and information. The fourth chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of the financial data that are used to achieve the objectives of the dissertation. This section mainly deals with the findings from the study and also focuses on the analysis and its results. The fifth and the last chapter of this dissertation present the findings of the study, recommendation of the study to the investors, financial managers regulators. It also concludes the suggestions for future research. Chapter II Review of the Literature 2. Literature Review Many authors and writers have written lot about merger and acquisition and its impact on the performance of the company as well as on the economy. A great deal of research has been carried out on the performance of the corporations involved in the merger and acquisition. When a company wants to jump start a long term growth or boost up the corporate performance, MA may seem to be the best option. Yet study after study puts the success rate of MA lies just between 20% and 30%. A lot of researcher had tried to explain the abysmal statistics, usually by analyzing the attributes of the deals that worked and those that didnt. What is lacking is the robust theory that identifies the causes of those success and failures.  [2]   2.1 Merger and Acquisition: Conceptual Review Farlex Financial Dictionary  [3]  has defined A decision by two companies to combine all operations, officers, structure, and other functions of business. Mergers are meant to be mutually beneficial for the parties involved. In the case of two publicly-traded companies, a merger usually involves one company giving shareholders in the other its stock in exchange for surrendering the stock of the first company Pratap G. Subramanyam (2005) has stated merger as in the term associated with the integration of one company into another. The merging company should exist thereafter and all its assets and liabilities get legally vested in the merged company. This means that the merger means amalgamation of the assets of the two or more companies to form a new company serving the similar or different purpose. 2.1.1 Recognition of amalgamation (merger) by Indian Statutory Bodies The Company Act of India does not define an amalgamation or a merger. Therefore, the term are being interpreted as being included in the term arrangement as defined in Section 390(b). This is vindicated by the fact that Section 394 talks about arrangement that are in nature of amalgamation of two or more companies. It is possible under Companies Act for two or more companies to amalgamate using the shareholder approval route under Section 293(1)(a) though such route is never adopted. The more appropriate route is to get court order under Section 394 of the Act, which has been specifically enacted to enable amalgamations. Section 390 This section provides that The expression arrangement includes a reorganization of the share capital of the company by the consolidation of shares of different classes, or by the division of shares into shares of different classes, or by both these methods Section 394 This section contains the powers while sanctioning scheme of reconstruction or amalgamation. Under the Income Tax(IT) Act, 1961 Section 2(1B) the word amalgamation in relation to companies means the merger of one or more companies to another company or the merger of two or more companies to form one company so that: All the property of the amalgamating company or companies before the amalgamation becomes the property of amalgamating company by virtue of the amalgamation. All liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before the amalgamation become the liabilities of amalgamating company by the virtue of amalgamation. Accounting Standard AS-14 defines amalgamations as those pursuant to the provisions of the companies Act or any other statute, which may be applicable to the companies. Therefore, it applies to all transactions that come under the purview of Section 391-394 of the Companies Act that relate to integration of two or more companies. AS-14 categorizes amalgamation into two categories: (a) amalgamation in nature of merger (b) amalgamation in nature of purchase. An amalgamation fall into former category if: All assets and liabilities of transferor company become after amalgamation, the assets and liabilities of the transferee company. Shareholders holding not less than 90% of the face value of the equity share of transferor company (excluding the shares held by the transferee company), become the equity shareholder of the transferee company by virtue of the amalgamation. The consideration for the amalgamation, receivable by those equity shareholders of the transferor company who agree to become the equity shareholder in the transferee company, is discharged wholly by issue of shares (except for fractional shares that may be settled in cash). The business of the transferor company is intended to be carried on by the transferee company. Acquisition is the mechanism by which companies change hands and through transfer of ownership of share or transfer of control. Acquisition means the purchase of or getting access to significant stakes in a company, often making such acquirer a major shareholder or force in the company. According to Dictionary of Financial Term  [4]  If a company buys another company outright, or accumulates enough shares to take a controlling interest, the deal is described as an acquisition. For example, if Corporation A buys 51% or more of Corporation B, then Corporation B becomes a subsidiary of Corporation A, and the activity is called an acquisition. A single investor may buy out a publicly-traded company; one calls this going private. Acquisitions occur in exchange for cash, stock, or both. Acquisitions may be friendly or hostile; a friendly acquisition occurs when the board of directors supports the acquisition and a hostile acquisition occurs when it does not. 2.1.2 The Acquisition and Takeover Code in India After the advent of the SEBI, introduced in 1994, there was a concerted attempt at formulation of a comprehensive framework under which acquisition and takeover could be made in existing listed companies. However the takeover code does not apply to unlisted companies and continue to be regulated by the provision of the Company Act. Listed companies are currently governed by the provision of Takeover Code, clause 40A and 40B of the Listing Agreement of the stock exchange and Section 108B and 108D of the Companies Act as regards acquisition and takeovers. Under the provision of Section 108B, corporate under the same management holding whether singly or in aggrete.10% or more of the nominal value of the subscribed equity share capital of the any other company shall, before transferring one or more such shares, give to the central government an intimation of its proposal to do with the prescribed details. Section 108D provides the similar provision wherein the Central Government can act suo moto of any transfer of a block share in a company. All the Sections under 108 are backed by Section 108G. Section 108G Applicability of the provisions of sections 108A to 108F.-The provisions of sections 108A to 108F (both inclusive) shall apply to the acquisition or transfer of shares or share capital by or to, an individual firm, group, constituent of a group, body corporate or bodies corporate under the same management, who or which- (a) is, in case of acquisition of shares or share capital, the owner in relation to a dominant undertaking and there would be, as a result of such acquisition, any increase-   (i) in the production, supply, distribution or control of any goods that are produced, supplied, distributed or controlled in India or any substantial part thereof by that dominant undertaking, or   (ii) in the provision or control of any services that are rendered in India or any substantial part thereof by that dominant undertaking; or   (b) would be, as a result of such acquisition or transfer of shares or share capital, the owner of a dominant undertaking; or   (c) is, in case of transfer of shares or share capital, the owner in relation to a dominant undertaking. The SEBI Takeover Code brought in several new features into acquisition law which were not present in Clause 40A and 40B. The basic theme of the code is to provide for fair play and transparency in acquisition and takeover but at the same time to ensure that they are not stifled into extinction. 2.2 Differentiation of Merger and Acquisition In general Mergers and Acquisitions are used interchangeably, but they have a subtle differentiation in there meaning. Weston and Copeland (1992) distinguished merger and acquisition: merger as a transaction between more or less equal partners, while acquisitions are used to denote a transaction where a substantially bigger firm takes over a smaller firm. Their basis of distinguish was the size. But there are other factors apart from size that denotes the differences between merger and acquisition. Asquith Mullins (1986) define mergers and acquisitions on basis of share distribution. When two firms merge, shares of both are surrendered and new shares in name of the new firm will be issued. Unlike in merger, shares of the acquiring firm are not surrendered but traded in the market prior to the acquisition and continue to be traded by the public after the acquisition. The shares of the target firm cease to exist publicly. Motives behind Merger and Acquisition There are three major motives for the mergers and takeovers: Synergy, Agency, Hubris Synergy motive means that the sum total return/value from the integration of two or more companies should be greater than that from the individual company. Elazar Berkovitch (1993) suggests that the takeovers occur because of economic gains that results by merging the resources of the two firms. They even concluded that total gains from MA are always positive and thus can say that synergy appears. The agency motive suggests that takeovers occur because they enhance the acquirer managements welfare at the expense of acquirer shareholders. Elazar Berkovitch and M. P. Narayanan (1993) suggested three major motives for mergers and acquisitions: synergy, agency and hubris. The synergy motive suggests that the takeovers occur because of economic gains that results by merging the resources of the two firms. The agency motive suggests that takeovers occur because they enhance the acquirer managements welfare at the expense of acquirer shareholders. The hubris hypothesis suggests that managers make mistakes in evaluating target firms, and engaged in acquisitions even when there is no synergy. Khemani (1991) states that there are multiple reasons, motives, economic forces and institutional factors that can be taken together or in isolation, which influence corporate decisions to engage in MAs. It can be assumed that these reasons and motivations have enhanced corporate profitability as the ultimate, long-term objective. It seems reasonable to assume that, even if this is not always the case, the ultimate concern of corporate managers who make acquisitions, regardless of their motives at the outset, is increasing long-term profit. However, this is affected by so many other factors that it can become very difficult to make isolated statistical measurements of the effect of MAs on profit. The free cash flow theory developed by Jensen (1988) provides a good example of intermediate objectives that can lead to greater profitability in the long run. This theory assumes that corporate shareholders do not necessarily share the same objectives as the managers. The conflicts between these differing objectives may well intensify when corporations are profitable enough to generate free cash flow, i.e., profit that cannot be profitably re-invested in the corporations. Under these circumstances, the corporations may decide to make acquisitions in order to use these liquidities. It is therefore higher debt levels that induce managers to take new measures to increase the efficiency of corporate operations. According to Jensen, long-term profit comes from the re-organization and restructuring made necessary by takeovers.

Use of Proper Judgment in Othello :: Othello essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A central tenet of Othello is the concept of proper judgment, and to always use it when making decisions. The renaissance definition of proper judgment can be illustrated by the "hierarchy of proper judgment." Governing all is reason, which includes understanding and will. Below reason are common sense, memory, and imagination. Finally, at the bottom are the 5 senses, emotions, and passions. In order to judge properly, it was believed that reason had to govern all else. Proper judgment could never occur if only one item was relied upon to make the decision. In Othello, Shakespeare uses this concept to demonstrate how proper judgment occurs, and the consequences when it does not.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first scene in which proper judgment is used is when the Duke makes a decision as to what should be done about the expected Turkish invasion. He does not immediately act on the information he receives, instead, he thinks out the steps logically. When he states, "I do not so secure me in the error, but the main article I do approve in the fearful sense (I 3 12-14)," he is showing that he will not rely solely on the information he is receiving, but also use common sense, memory, and understanding, and therefore judge properly. Only after Proper judgment was used did he take action, and therefore avoid disaster. The Duke is a model of Proper judgment who can be compared to other characters in the play to show their weaknesses and shortcomings.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the same scene, proper judgment is demonstrated again by the Duke, when he is faced with the mater of Othello marrying Desdemona. Initially, the Duke rejects wise judgment by promising to allow Brabantio to sentence whoever had done this to whatever punishment he saw fit, without analyzing the situation further, and without even knowing who that man was. However, upon assessing the situation more, he realizes the consequences of not using Proper judgment, and, after hearing all sides of the story, tell Brabantio to "Take up this mangled matter at best. Men do their broken weapons rather use than their bare hands (I 3 199-201)." Later on, he gives Brabantio wise advice when he tells him that "to mourn a mischief that is past and gone is the next way to draw new mischief in (I 3

Blood Clotting Essay

Coagulation, or thrombogenesis, is the process by which blood clots in an attempt to restrict blood loss from an injury site, and repair the damaged vessel. Most of the time clotting is a good thing, however there are circumstances when a clot can form abnormally, leading to heart attack, stroke, or other serious medical problems. A blood clot forms almost immediately after the bleeding occurs, which is possible through enzymes and other substances in blood that respond to breaks in vessel walls. The clot is a temporary fix preventing further blood loss. There are four major parts of blood clot formation. The first step in clotting is the formation of the platelet plug. Platelets are the smallest of the three major types of blood cells whose primary function is to prevent bleeding. When encountering a damaged blood vessel, the platelets become stimulated and rush to the injury site where they clump together, forming a plug and restricting the bleeding. They also release substances to begin the chemical reaction of the clotting process. These chemical reactions are responsible for growing the blood clot. Dissolved proteins, also referred to as clotting factors, are contained within the blood for the purpose of promoting blood clots. These proteins send signals to each other and enhance each other’s activity exponentially at the site of injury, resulting in a rapid chemical chain reaction which produces fibrin, the main protein forming clots. This blood clot formed with fibrin is tougher and more durable than the platelet plug. Once the blood clot forms, it is important that it not grow and spread to the rest of the body, which can cause serious damage. This is where â€Å"anti-clotting† comes in to play. Proteins such as antithrombin, protein C, and protein S, are known anti-clotting proteins and exist in a natural balance with the clotting factors. These substances work to neutralize excess clotting factors, preventing the clot from going to places it should not. The final part of the process is where the clot is slowly broken down by the body. Once the damaged tissue heals, the body gradually degrades the clot and reabsorbs it. The tough fibrin strands in a blood clot are dissolved by an enzyme called plasmin. Plasmin is activated by other substances working together to help the clot break down. The whole process of blood clotting is whenever the blood is exposed to certain substances. These are known as thrombogenic substances because they promote the formation of thrombus (clot). Many of these substances, such as tissue factor, collagen, and von Willebrand factor, are located in the skin or in the blood vessel walls, typically separated from flowing blood. If they come into contact with flowing blood, this typically means the blood vessel wall is ruptured and bleeding. A clot may also form when blood is not flowing properly. http://www.hematology.org/patients/blood-disorders/blood-clots/5233.aspx http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-clots

Role and Powers of Presidents

Role and Powers of Presidents The president is supposed to exercise the powers which are granted to him or her by the Federal Constitution or the Congress act in the interest of the public. However there have been divergent arguments among the people holding this presidential office arising from different references and reasoning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role and Powers of Presidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All the arguments insist that each is function best for the public welfare (Cronin and Genovese 43). In the above view, the president has the responsibility to act in the interest of the public, ensure all situations are right for the interest of his people and make right judgments because they directly affect the lives of the ruled. The president can at any time withdraw any entry into U.S’ public lands and put aside part for forestry, for irrigation purposes and water resources. Jackson Lincoln held the view that the president must be capable of forming judgments for himself and his juniors (Cronin and Genovese 45). Today’s presidency has both informal and formal leverage to command decisions at any time. They can certainly come up with personal initiatives and decide on whichever matters. Additionally, the role of presidents has seemingly become that of main agenda setters in the making of policies at federal level. The president is also surrounded with a bureaucracy that further extends his mandate and powers. In the modern days, presidents have the capacity to drive political systems in the way they wish because they are the main actors in the systems hence obscuring the role of their subordinates (Fine and Waterman 25). The president also has the power to take significant measures that can have dynamic implications on the nation. For example, the president can deploy tactical nuclear weapons. The impact of this executive power is magnified by the fact that their decisions hav e direct impacts on the general public understanding (Cronin and Genovese 54). The different views held come from the ambiguity in defining the role of the president. For many years now, presidential practices have varied. Roosevelt for example fostered palace politics, Kennedy concentrated on collegial informality, and Eisenhower assumed the role of building his staff. The ambiguity in defining presidential roles makes it easy for the office holders to shape their roles on personal basis.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ‘Great’ presidents Both presidents that have succeeded and those who have failed are considered as great leaders. For example, most scholars claim that President Lyndon Johnson’s extraordinary legislative system has a record in success. Despite his success, scholars argue that Johnson highly contributed in the disastrous war in Vietnam. Additionally, Dwight Eisenhower is a president that most scholars consider passive during his reign. However, history credits him with very few significant accomplishments. It is in fact argued that it was during his time that Korea went into war and corruption cases within his administration increased. Woodrow Wilson is also one of America’s presidents that is remembered for the Senate’s dismissal of Versailles Treaty (Pfiffner 25). These are some of presidents known as great although with remarkable failures during their administrations. A survey conducted in 2000 that ranked 10 different categories of leadership indicated that the public and politicians have different views on what presidents should have and be like. One expectation that makes one a great president is the ability to function more than just managerial or party leaders. Studies indicate that a president must demonstrate great leadership capabilities because they represent the nation at large. The rating in this context falls between being a weak or a strong president. This is the view that most presidential candidates rise to power with. However, the divergent views of a successful or a failed president must be defined in consideration of different contexts. To meet this expectation from the public, presidents must function ahead of their times. There are different political times that presidents function well and avoid getting ahead of their time including reconstruction, articulation and disjuncture periods. In this regard, presidents need to know the expectations accompanying their type of leadership. Studies show that there are further different political period that different presidencies have taken place in America (Pfiffner 35). The patrician period that occurred between 1789-1832, the partisan time occurring between 1832-1900,the pluralist period (1900-1972), and 1972- to date plebiscitary period. Considering the first period, Americans great presidents Thomas J efferson and George Washington exhibited great interpersonal skills during their political views with legislators. Additionally, James Madison and John Adams proved weak leaders when gauged against the first political period.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role and Powers of Presidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Jackson, who led national partisan movements, functioned under the second political period hence relatively advantaged. With the centralization of the economy, American presidency was expected to have strong leadership strengths with much emphasis on economy. This was at the pluralist period and effective confrontation of foreign policy. This was a further consideration in rating whether a president was great or a failure. More so, the presidents in this period must exert full responsibility for national issues by establishing an expansive bureaucracy. In the presen t plebiscitary period, the presidents sometimes rely less on political organizations and have less capability to bargain as it was seen in the past regimes. With such considerations, the presidents are therefore expected to directly persuade the public (Fine and Waterman 47). Most scholars believe that presidential power is the ability to persuade the public, Congress members and other political actors in order to reap positive outcome. However, it argues that a president is not considered powerful on the merit of his/her presidency. It says that cultural, constitutional and political factors also empower these individuals to become successful presidential leaders. However, political power differs among presidency holders mainly because of the diversity in strategic challenges and political resources available to them. Most of America’s presidents have ruled with the belief that the ability to persuade the public, political actors and Congress members determines whether one i s a successful president or a failure (Cronin and Genovese 21). Presidential Leadership Scholars argue that the definition of leadership must encompass good leadership. But good leadership does not always result into positive results. There are times when poor leadership has yielded positive outcomes. Leadership is therefore the ability to successfully use one’s political skills and the leverage exposed to an individual to yield satisfactory outcomes. President’s performance is influenced by various factors that expose them to particular challenges. For example, a good economy contributes to high ratings of successful leaders. The vice versa is also true. If on the other hand, a president has restricted power to influence the economy, scholars question as to whether such presidents should be termed as failures or successful (Cronin and Genovese 22). Ideally, presidential leadership means persuading other political actors to act for their own interests. This is because a leader is supposed to inspires others to do as they desire hence influencing their behaviors.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The challenge that presidential leaders face while convincing the other political actors is the fact that different situations and contexts call for different qualities and skills. Scholars argue that some personal skills can be useful at certain circumstances while others are not (Waterman and Rockman 23). In this regard, different presidents encounter dissimilar political scenarios on coming to office, because the circumstances change with time hence the different political leverage during the different terms. More so, successful presidents are measured by the ability to respond and manage political outcomes. The important thing is that which the president is interested in and the personal capability to accomplish it. Presidential leaders are limited by the resources, tools and political capital present to them. The tools include external political supporters in Congress, economical state, the political stability of the nation and the overall international political mood. With suc h factors, presidential skills as well as political powers are vital in accomplishing their political ambitions (Cronin and Genovese 23). Presidents have got copious resources, tools and political capital within their reach. This therefore describes the extent of their ability to structure, slant and adapt organizational functions towards favorable angles that match their political and policy interests. With the constitutional powers presidents can considerably control presidential appointments to advance their political interests. Another leverage tool is their ability to shape and influence the bureaucratic agencies budget. This is because the federal budget often goes with what the Congress passes. Therefore, when the Congress is controlled by the party’s president, he or she can shape the budget too fit his preferences. Presidents can also use the veto to shape the final legislature’s budget. Studies show that in the 20th century, presidents have used this executiv e power to gain control over particular institutions that are significant to their presidential leadership (Cronin and Genovese 36). Most people have no demarcation between leadership and its outcomes but scholars argue that there are possibilities of having good leadership systems resulting in poor performances. Scholars argue that personal leadership skills must be differentiated from the outcomes. In an example, if one has a team of ball players that frequently loses in games; this has little to do with the manager’s skills, the fact is that the team’s quality is poor. This therefore indicates that it is very possible to have good leadership but on the other hand have poor results. This further illustrates that between the outcome and skills, quality is an intervening variable that must not be ignored. The manager can however influence the outcome through his skills hence maximizing on his leverage. If a president takes over from a recessed economy, the president ha s limited tools through which he can influence outcomes in his/her leadership. Therefore there are chances of being unelected back to power. Some may argue that the individual failed to demonstrate presidential leadership skills (Waterman and Rockman 15). However scholars argue that no matter the extent of skills and abilities, it is impossible to achieve the desired outcomes. If the president inherits an economically stable nation but has limited knowledge, then it can be said that the leader was a bad one, however if the economy was stable yet with minimal leadership knowledge, positive outcomes can still be manifested. Therefore, it is important to consider such factors as to why and how the results were achieved. At some times, a president may be having personal political skills that results into effective policy or political outcomes. Whereas at other times the president may be having no skills yet there are positive results. Additionally, a president may display skills yet the results turn out negative, at other times, a president may be having no skills but the results become unsuccessful (Waterman and Rockman 18). Leverage is an intervening variable in the first and second case that determines the outcomes. Historic periods and economy state are also intervening factors that determine the success of a presidential leader. Leaders that rule during pacific times have fewer chances of being termed successful leaders than those who rule during periods of change. Therefore if all these factors are combined with the leverage that a president exerts in his/her governing, then the relationship between leadership and success is clearly manifested. The Indiana Jones Model depicts a scenario whereby the president has considerable skills, but at the same time has no or minimal leverage, yet the outcomes are significantly great. Although the president may seem gifted, the context doest not provide chances for any positive results. However the president just prevail s as a result of luck. This is therefore independent of the president’s leverage or skills. At certain times, it is possible to have positive results with no president’s persuasion and skills. On the Pseudo-leadership model, the president may be having no skills, has leverage then successful results. This is a case that occurred with President Eisenhower. In this case, leaders in Congress contributed in the passing of significant legislations. The president paid little attention to the issues but much credit went to him. The president displayed no skills (Cronin and Genovese 26). At other times there are chances of good fortune accompanying the outcomes. For example, Calvin Coolidge appeared a lucky president; it was a matter of being at the right place, at an appropriate time. The president enjoyed a very stable economy that left praises for his name yet he demonstrated no skills and had no leverage within his reach in which to exert influence. It was just his lucky p eriod. On the other hand a president may have skills and much leverage at his disposal but gets no positive outcomes. In the case of Johnson and the Vietnam War, even if he had substantive public support and extensive Democratic support from both houses, chances of successful outcomes were thin. More so, recent tapes have shown Johnson mourning because he knows that going to the war provides no chance of winning the battle, however, he also knows that if he does not, he will forever be blamed for the Vietnam defeat. This is a no-win situation in which leadership success is independent of the president. At another scenario, the president demonstrates leadership skills and is exposed to a considerable leverage that gives him/her significant success. This is a common Neustadt’s case of presidential leadership. Franklin Delano Roosevelt maximized on his extra-ordinary political wit and leverage during the economic recession and World War 11 era to design policies for the New Deal hence the positive war efforts. In this scenario, the president’s success was dependent on his skills (Cronin and Genovese 27). What it Takes for a Candidate to be Elected For a candidate to be elected as the president in a federal office, the individual must have attained the age of thirty five years, must be a resident for a minimum of fourteen years. The Electoral College has the provisions that the two houses of Congress and the state participates in electing the president. The state chooses the electors (Electoral College) who eventually elects the president. The candidate that garners majority votes of the electors becomes the president. If none of the candidates attains majority voles, the House chooses the president while the Senate selects the vice president, each state delegate therefore votes once. However, members of Electoral College can be elected from party states and themselves vote for their fellow party nominees hence influencing the strategies of president ial candidates. This will definitely change the conduct and nature of electing a president (Edwards 34). Critics of the Electoral College system argue that it is often flawed and that the runner up candidates must not become president, this is because the candidate that garners most votes becomes the president. This perspective, they argue, inflicts a serious burden on the minority leader according to the evolving U.S’ democratic values. However, they argue that America was initially never expected to have pure democracy and neither was it thought that U.S will be guided by the notion of majority rule (Edwards 31). They say that government institution was meant to be a republic with people’s representative in the government. More so, the separation of powers that has checks and balances was supposed to curb hindrances of change. In this context, Bill of Rights is implemented to regulate majority’s will from going against citizen’s rights. The explanation given for the president to be elected from direct citizens’ votes is because the president and his vice wholly represent the people amongst al the nationals. And that it is the people’s best chosen candidate. However, the critiques argue that it is not enough to say that people’s will must be the only determining factor for the nationally voted government officials. They therefore argue that because the president must be voted for by the majority of the population does not mean every other element of the government must be popularly elected (Cronin and Genovese 24). The powers of the modern president are the results of initiatives and patterns that have formed over centuries as far as presidential history is concerned. This is inclusive of crises political realignments, economic depression and institutional changes. The powers of the president, as Thomas E. Cronin says is very powerful but always inadequate. He argues that at certain times it is weak and limited while at other times it is profound and abused. The public is ambivalent about the powers of presidents. They sometimes enjoy seeing this power reduced and their presidents humbled but at the same time desire to have heroic presidents who have the ability to attain Americans dream (Cronin and Genovese 5). Opponents of the Electoral College argue that in this system the ballots cast are not equal because different states have varying populations. They argue that this benefits the small states. In their propositions they argue that the automatic plan would significantly do away with faithless electors voting by automatically enabling state’s electors to vote for the most pluralist in the state (Edwards 45). The strength in this process is that individual electors will not vote in person hence minimal probability of votes being cast in unintended directions. The district plan would grant one electoral vote the popular plurality’s votes within the state in a congressional district. It says that this plan will allow Electoral College vote be specific in popular vote. However the weakness is that the district plan will not completely eliminate chances of runner-up from becoming the president. The national bonus strategy would preserve constitutional and state’s roles in the process of electing a president (Pfiffner 56). The Electoral College system also proposes amendments to the Constitution so as to allow for direct populace voting for a president. However the objection to this proposal is that popular election would demean the federal nature of U.S government. More so critics argue that direct popular election will reduce the common endless frauds and recounts. Those who advocate for direct election of presidents argue that federalism is rather necessary but the electoral votes within small states does not command active campaigns of the main candidate in the party. Significantly, the larger states contests will only take place in the case o f massive votes being either ways. Direct popular election will mean that all votes would be required for the candidate to win presidency. More so, minor political actors will also have an opportunity to vie for presidency hence a multiparty system scenario. This will mean that in a contested election a candidate will have to persuade the public to vote for him or her hence garnering majority populace votes. Critics of the Electoral College are justified in the sense that for a democratic nation there is always the need for checks and balances in order to control excessiveness of power and responsibility. The critics argue that the reforms are meant to benefit the public in their representation in government offices (Cronin and Genovese 25). Cronin, Thomas and Genovese, Michael. The Paradoxes of the American Presidency  (3rd Ed.). Oxford, Mass: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Edwards, George C. Presidential selection: the flawed foundations of the Electoral  College. Texa s: A M University Press, 2004. Print. Fine, Jeffrey and Waterman, Richard. A new model of presidential leadership:  controlling the bureaucracy. New York: Roxbury Press, 2005. Print. Pfiffner, Davidson. Understanding the presidency: historical perspectives of the  presidency. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986. Print. Waterman, Richard, and Rockman, Bert. Presidential Leadership: The Vortex of Power. New York: Roxbury Press, 2005. Print.

General Armstrong Custer essays

General Armstrong Custer essays Custer Didnt Dies For Your Sins, Sitting Bull Did In Custer Died For Your Sins, Vine Deloria, Jr. uses his sarcastic and satirical tone to reveal many falsehoods and stereotypes of Native American culture. He also uses his satirical tone to denote those who have clainmed heritage that is obviously not theirs. Deloria wasnted to make it a point to tell young Natives to find their own identity and not let an expert do it for them. Throughout American culture, Native Americans have been the most falsely represented subset of Americas population. They have been identified with the aura of the savage warrior...and the instinctive animal (3). American folklore presents the existince of Native Americans to the world as violent savages and dimensional primitives. Even being called an Indian is a little appaling, even to the minority of Native Americans. The lack of a tropical climate and the absense of elephents apperently did not tip off the [Spanish] explorers that they were not in India(5). The Native Americans are and have always been in a constant struggle to defend their identities and land. The confusion and stereotypes from another culture does not lighten the load of their struggle. The claiming of Indian heritage was nonexistent until the Native American culture was found to have some sort of significance to the devopment of the United States and its culture. After being of European descent became boring, having some sort of blood tie with the frontier...in order to experience what it means to be an American(4) guaranteed them the satisfaction of being as American as apple pie. Native Americans are, again, put into a position where they have to defend their identities and land from those who want to claim it as theirs. Non-natives also make an attempt to claim Native American heritage. When they claim it most of them claim it on their grandmothe...

Earth and space sciences topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Earth and space sciences topic - Essay Example Social media sites also were buzzing with news of the earthquake. Another reason people in central Chile were so upset is the fact that this same area suffered a massive 8.8 earthquake that killed hundreds of people and created a tsunami. Over 200,000 homes were destroyed in the quake two years ago. Many of the survivors blame the government for the high death toll because a faulty tsunami warning system led people to believe that the tsunami would not be destructive. The opposite turned out to be true. Over 30 billion dollars in damage resulted from the combined destructive forces of the earthquake and tsunami. Government officials assured people once again that there would not be a destructive tsunami after this earthquake, but many individuals did not trust the warning system. They evacuated coastal areas anyway. In the end, seismologists were correct in their prediction that this earthquake would not create a tsunami. They could tell that the movement of the plates was not the right king of movement necessary for a tsunami to form. In this case, there was no sudden uplift of the ocean floor, which is a necessary element in the creation of a tsunami. "Quake Just Offshore Chile Disaster Area Causes Panic, but Government Says No Tsunami." Washington Post. Washington Post, Inc., 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 23 Jan. 2012.

Education of Students with disorders and disabilities Essay

Education of Students with disorders and disabilities - Essay Example The method used should be able to solve the problem for the student. The teacher should be able to comprehend the content first and then transform it to a form that is easy to grasp by the student (Alter, Brown and Pyle 2011). The method of teaching should enable the student to decode the problem and solve most of the problems. The individual performance of each student is necessary to enable the teacher to know the method that best suits each student. There are various strategies that include the draw a picture method, the guess and check method as well the making a table or chart method. For the guess and check strategy, the teacher should ask the students to make a guess from the information that he gives. The draw a picture strategy helps the students as it creates graphics in their minds that are important in comprehending what they are learning. The same aspect applies to the making a table or a chart method. These techniques can be used to teach both Math and English Language Arts. Using Phonemic games is also important especially in teaching English. It involves moving sound tokens for each sound segment. For example, reversing the word ‘cat’ to ‘tac’ and removing the first letter to read ‘at.’ Anyone can nurture the self-esteem and self-determination of students with special needs. Their self-advocacy skills can also be enhanced for them not to feel as though they are less worthy students. Below are some of the techniques that can help in boosting the self-esteem as well as enhancing the self-determination of these students. One of the ways you can nurture the self-esteem and self-determination of students with special needs is by recognizing and enhancing their talents. The reason this is important is because not all students are talented academically. Whatever a student is gifted in, the teacher or parent should focus on that. You should also help the students to look beyond the school. Yes, it is

Content Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Content Management Systems - Essay Example Examples of roles include author, editor, approver, publisher† (University of Wisconsin, 2007) 16 Pennington, L. (2007) Approaches/Practices: Surviving the Design and Implementation of a Content-Management System: Do the Benefits Offset the Challenges? Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 21(1): 62-73 27 This Project Report covers in details the subject I have chosen to cover, which is Content Management Systems. The business of supplying CMC systems is relatively young but a quickly growing technology that business are employing to handle their data repositories and web based content. Some of the areas that are expanded on from my Interim Report are: I decided to cover the subject of Content Management Systems because I have a lot of involvement with them (one in particular) in my career. A CMS is responsible for holding and maintaining the data for our Company Intranet. I have been responsible for testing these systems inline with the company’s technical architecture and ensuring a smooth integration with existing systems. My aim is to fully explain the purpose of CMS and highlight the different functionality some of these systems have to offer, I will look at some individual systems and give an analysis of their purpose and successes. As part of my report I will also cover the system, which I am most familiar with, Stellent. I will give an overview of the project I have worked on and the process I have undertaken in order to successfully implement such a system at work. Content by definition is ‘everything in a collection’, when we talk about Web Content (as we will throughout this report) we talk about the collection of information or data on a site. In the context of the Internet/Intranet, content is basically all the ‘stuff’ on your site. Good content provides useful information and/or direction for the user to

Despite Proctors Essay Example for Free

Despite Proctors Essay Another character introduced in Act two is Mary Warren. She is extremely important to the Act as she is what makes the connection between village life and the sentencing that is happening at the courts, and with the proctor household. She is the one who tells us that there have been thirty-nine arrests. When she first arrives in Act two we find that she has defied the orders of John and Elizabeth by going to the court. When told that she must not return she rebels using the excuse I am an official of the court. This is a fine example of how the hysteria of witchcraft has affected the everyday life in the community of Salem. Mary is a servant within the proctor household; she is paid nine pounds a year to keep the house. She is not in a position to rebel against the word of Elizabeth or John, and under normal circumstances would not do so. We know that this is peculiar behaviour because of Elizabeths reply to Proctor, when asked why she had let Mary go to the court. Elizabeth says She frightened all my strength away I forbid her to go, and she raises up her chin like the daughter of a prince and says to me, I must go to Salem, Goody Proctor. It is clear to us now just how much the affair between Proctor and Abigail influences the current events and the events that are to follow. Mary also plays another role within Act two; she portrays to us the amount of hate that Abigail holds for Elizabeth. When she reveals that she saved the life of Elizabeth in court, as her name had been mentioned among the accused. I saved her life today. She refuses to say by whom, I am bound by law, I cannot tell but it is obvious to the reader and to Elizabeth that Abigail Williams is the accuser. This shows Abigails malicious hate as by accusing Elizabeth she is striving towards an eventual execution. Elizabeth who is a smart woman anticipates this intense hate long before she discovers she has been accused and she says to John referring to Abigail and thinks to kill me, then to take my place. Another reason that proves Marys importance to Act two is that she illustrates to us the extremity of power that Abigail and the girls have. Throughout Act two Marys speech and stage directions imply a weak and feeble character. With a trembling decaying voice she has been edging towards offstage. It is apparent that she is constantly subject to the bullying of Proctor and that she gives into his bullying one hundred percent of the time. Yet in the last few pages of Act Two, Proctor, using violence is trying to persuade Mary to testify in court against Abigail to save his wife. Despite Proctors violent advances grasping her by the throat as though he would strangle her Mary sobs I cannot, I cannot. This shows Marys new changed belief that Abigail and the girls are more powerful and fearful than the man she has worked for and feared for so long. This event also marks the start of the loss of power John Proctor suffers from throughout the rest of the play. The Crucible plays host to many themes. The theme of tyranny (when a situation or person controls how you are able to live in an unfair way) is shown mainly by Abigails power over the girls, and their power over the people of Salem. By confessing to witchcraft, and publicly announcing their sudden devotion to God, and desperation to do his will, they give themselves great power over society. Abigails word becomes unassailable as does the word of the other girls. With this power they were able to control the rest of the Salem by fear. Another way in which Tyranny is shown is Proctors initial control over Mary. As she enters the scene she is greeted by Proctor with the words Ill whip you if you dare leave this house again. Mary is undoubtedly afraid of Proctor as he appears an extremely violent man to her. At the end of the Act Proctor uses violence yet again to get his own way, we know from Act three that she eventually does go to the court and testify. Another theme that is apparent in Arthur Millers The Crucible is fear. Every character in The Crucible is subjected to fear at some point within the story line, not just those who are accused. Those who are not accused fear that the sins of their friends and associates may taint their names and cause them to be found guilty of witchcraft: A key example of this is Parriss fear that the actions of Abigail and the rumours of witchcraft that surround his daughters coma will cost him his title as reverend. Those who are accused must face the fear, of being hung, they must also decide whether their fear of being hung, is greater than their fear of breaking one of the Ten Commandments by lying to save themselves. The different characters show their fear in various ways; the most interesting would be Proctor, whose fear is not for himself but for his wife. This differs from the fear of Francis Nurse and Giles Corey whos wives are also accused, as Proctor is having to balance the fear of the death of his wife, with the fear, or more the realisation that the death of his wife could be on his hands as she stands accused because of the malicious jealousy aroused within in Abigail when he finished their affair. He is also under pressure as he knows that he can put a stop to the girls accusations and save his wife by blackening his own name and admitting his lechery with Abigail. Proctor expresses this pressure with his line to Mary, My wife will never die for me! I will bring your guts into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me! Another character subject to fear is the wife of John Proctor, Elizabeth. Elizabeth fears for her relation with John. Though they love each other very much their relationship has been scarred by the affair between Abigail and Proctor. She like Mary is also frightened of the power that Abigail possesses. As she knows that it is enough to condemn her to death. When she is taken by Cheever and Herrick we know she is scared as John says to her Fear nothing Elizabeth. and her next line is said (as indicated by stage direction) with great fear. Another character who is apparent to fear is Mary. From the moment she enters the scene she is subject to fear. First the fear of John as he violently questions her and makes to whip her Ill whip the devil out of you. Next the fear of incriminating herself or Elizabeth when Cheever and Herrick turn up at the house and she is called downstairs for questioning, and finally when she is once again being bullied by proctor to testify in court: here she is not only scared of Proctor but of what the girls and Abigail will do if she does turn on them. (in terror): I cannot, theyll turn on me